A number of languages have never been shown to be related to others. The most famous isolated language is Basque, spoken in Northern Spain and Southern France. Basque probably predates all other surviving languages spoken in Europe (it is not Indo-European).
The Basque name for their own language is Euskara. The language has a number of dialects including Guipuzcoan, Biscayan, and Navarrese in Spain and Labourdin and Navarrais in France. Most dialects have a five vowel system.
Basque words are generally accented on the last syllable; in most instances words end with a vowel or s, r, l, n, or t. The Basque vocabulary does not contain original words for abstract concepts and no words for tools or utensils brought into use in modern times. These things are described using Latin, French, or Spanish words with a Basque ending.
Attempts have been made to establish a relationship between Basque and other languages such as Iberian (an ancient language of Eastern Spain), Ligurian (an ancient language of Northwest Italy), or the Caucasian languages of the Caucasus region of Georgia and Russia. None of these possible relationships have been proved.
Other language isolates include: Iberian (Southern and Eastern Spain), Etruscan (Tuscany in Italy), Sumerian (extinct language of Mesopotamia) and about 14 more.
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